SS-31

Also known as: Elamipretide, MTP-131, Bendavia

4.4 (41 reviews)

4.4

out of 5.0

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allpeptides.eu
8 401
@allpeptides.eu

Υπάρχει ένα πεπτίδιο που στοχεύει κατευθείαν το cardiolipin της εσωτερικής μεμβράνης μιτοχονδρίου 🔬 Το SS-31 (Elamipretide, D-Arg-2'6'-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2) είναι τετραπεπτίδιο που αναπτύχθηκε από τον Peter Bhatt lab (πρώτα γνωστός ως Hazel Szeto). Ο μηχανισμός είναι εντυπωσιακά ειδικός: στοχεύει cardiolipin, ένα μοναδικό φωσφολιπίδιο που βρίσκεται αποκλειστικά στην εσωτερική μιτοχονδριακή μεμβράνη. Το cardiolipin είναι κρίσιμο για τη λειτουργία των Complexes I-V της αλυσίδας μεταφοράς ηλεκτρονίων και την ATP synthase. Σε ηλικία και σε παθολογικές καταστάσεις: οξείδωση cardiolipin → disruption electron transport chain → μειωμένη ATP παραγωγή. SS-31 + cardiolipin: σταθεροποιεί τη δομή, αποτρέπει οξείδωση, βελτιώνει electron transport chain efficiency. Κλινικά δεδομένα (Phase 2/3): STEMI/Reperfusion injury, EMBRACE STEMI (Phase 2, n=118): δεν έφτασε primary endpoint αλλά δευτερεύοντα αποτελέσματα ενθαρρυντικά. Barth syndrome (σπάνια μιτοχονδριακή καρδιομυοπάθεια): Phase 2/3. HFrEF (Mitochondria in Heart Failure): ongoing. Μυοπάθειες: Phase 2. 👉 Στο allpeptides.eu θα βρεις αναλυτικό άρθρο SS-31, cardiolipin mechanism αναλυτικά, Phase 2/3 κλινικές δοκιμές (EMBRACE, Barth, HFrEF), σύγκριση mitochondrial peptides (Humanin, MOTS-c, SS-31) και longevity protocols. #SS31 #elamipretide #μιτοχόνδρια #κλινικέςδοκιμές #πεπτίδια

Kristi Sawicki, PhD
06:52
530 58 10K
@Kristi Sawicki, PhD

Do you need SS-31 before MOTS-c? Let's talk about what the research actually says. 🔬 SS-31 works by binding to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane to stabilize ATP production — but the effect is temporary, and the clinical trial data is mixed at best. MOTS-c activates AMPK, upregulates antioxidant response genes, and supports metabolic adaptation, the same pathways triggered by fasting and exercise. Before stacking peptides, are you supporting the foundations? CoQ10, NAD+, B vitamins, magnesium, zinc, copper, these cofactors have stronger evidence for mitochondrial support than most peptides. This is a scientific review of the literature, not medical advice. Always work with a qualified healthcare provider. #peptide #mitochondria #longevity #biohacking #motsc

r/Biohackers u/HVL2025

One year later! 280 to 185 and took 4 month plateau over the winter. Not one day of exercise. I am 57 years old and I’m only posting because of the folks that say some of us do too much “research.” (i.e., too many peptides) Don’t results matter? After losing 45 lbs on keto and water fasts in about 6-7 weeks, I stepped up my game. Semaglutide? Lost zero pounds in almost 2 months. Tirz dropped 235 to 195 losing the next 40 in a couple months. Settled in for the winter and had spine surgery January 7th had a two week off period from peptides and the Tirz didn’t work when I restarted. Jumped to Reta. Two weeks ago decided to drop another 10 lbs all this without having loose skin and have been relieved of sleep apnea, high blood sugar, high cholesterol, high BP, ADHD, any signs of gout, and more. PEPTIDES: Reta, Tirz, Cagri GHK-Cu, BPC-157, TB-500 CJC, IPO, SERMO SS-31, Mots C, NAD+ Semax, Selank MT2 for color SUPPLEMENTS: TRT & B12 (IM) ORAL SUPPLEMENTS: Zinc, Magnesium, B6, B12, C, D3+K2, E, Omega-3, NMN+NR w/Resveratrol and TMG, probiotics, collagen, protein drinks, Metformin, Finesteride, and a few others. I have an MRI on May 18th to see if I am approved to exercise. If approved, I’ll work out for the first time in 30 years. Not sure what will happen then. Read more

May 14, 2026

417 60
r/NTNPerformance u/JustBacWater

Peptide tier list for anti-aging and longevity Ranked by what's producing the best results for aging, skin, cellular health, and long term wellness The order within each tier is not a ranking. They're just grouped by tier not listed best to worst S TIER HGH - sleep, skin, recovery, body comp, energy. The most established compound on this list with decades of clinical use. Everything about aging improves when GH levels are optimized GHK-Cu - the most researched anti-aging peptide available. Naturally occurs in the body and declines sharply with age. Modulates over 4000 genes involved in tissue remodeling, collagen synthesis, and inflammation. Human studies show improvements in skin thickness, elasticity, and wrinkle depth. Works injectable and topical Thymosin Alpha-1 - your immune system ages just like everything else. Most legitimate immune peptide with clinical use in 30+ countries. Immune modulation and inflammation control are foundational to aging well A TIER NAD+ precursors (NMN / NR) - NAD+ levels drop by as much as 50% between young adulthood and later decades. Preclinical data shows restoring levels can improve mitochondrial function, cognitive performance, and multiple aging markers. Multiple delivery routes available Epithalon - studied for telomerase activation and telomere length. Telomere shortening is one of the hallmarks of aging. Sleep and circadian rhythm support are the more immediately noticeable benefits. Human data is limited but the mechanism is directly relevant BPC-157 - tissue repair, gut health, and reducing systemic inflammation all contribute to aging better. Pro-angiogenic effects support blood vessel health which declines with age TB-500 - tissue remodeling and repair. Supports the body's ability to recover and rebuild which naturally slows down over time. Often paired with BPC-157 B TIER CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin - GH support without injecting exogenous HGH. Sleep, recovery, and body comp improvements all feed into the anti-aging picture. More affordable than HGH Sermorelin - same category as CJC/Ipa. GH support for sleep and recovery. Clinical history in wellness settings MOTS-c - mitochondrial derived peptide. Mitochondrial decay is a major driver of aging. Studied for insulin sensitivity and metabolic regulation. Human data is limited but the mechanism is directly tied to cellular aging SS-31 / Elamipretide - targets the mitochondrial inner membrane directly. Studied for mitochondrial protection and cellular energy. Highly regarded in longevity circles Semax - neuroprotection and BDNF upregulation. Cognitive decline is one of the most impactful age related changes. Protects dopaminergic neurons and reduces neuroinflammation in preclinical models Selank - cognitive preservation and neuroinflammation reduction. Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as a driver of systemic aging C TIER Glutathione - master antioxidant. Detoxification and immune support. Levels decline with age Collagen peptides (oral) - most accessible anti-aging option. Some clinical evidence for skin elasticity and hydration KPV - anti-inflammatory without immunosuppression. Chronic inflammation accelerates aging. KPV addresses that through NF-kB inhibition DSIP - deep restorative sleep is where repair happens. DSIP may support sleep architecture but human data is mixed Thymalin - immune and longevity peptide. Limited published evidence but immune restoration is relevant to aging D TIER Melanotan II - cosmetic tanning compound. Not an anti-aging peptide. Side effect profile makes it hard to justify here Dihexa - cognitive peptide with theoretical relevance but very limited data and safety concerns around its mechanism The compounds in S and A tier are there because they address the root drivers of aging. GH decline, immune dysfunction, mitochondrial decay, tissue breakdown, and chronic inflammation. Everything below supports those areas or targets something more specific This is educational and research discussion only. Not medical advice What would you move? Drop your rankings below

May 12, 2026

120 55
Jamie
16 1 1K
@Jamie

SS-31 is a research peptide being studied for how it supports mitochondrial function — the part of the cell responsible for producing energy. Researchers are exploring it for: • Cellular energy support • Oxidative stress reduction • Muscle & recovery research • Healthy aging & mitochondrial function What makes it interesting is that SS-31 specifically targets mitochondria rather than working like many traditional peptides. 📚 Educational purposes only. Research peptide. Not medical advice. #SS31 #Elamipretide #Mitochondria #PeptideEducation #CellularEnergy

r/BodyHackGuide u/Creative_Echo5022

peptides cheatsheet A quick reference guide on the most discussed compounds... Not medical advice. Purely educational for research purposes. ALWAYS do your own research. REPAIR, RECOVERY & AGING BPC-157 – gut lining, healing injuries, tissue repair TB-500 – cuts down inflammation, helps muscle repair and flexibility GHK-Cu – skin repair, collagen, wound healing, hair benefits KPV – calms gut irritation and supports immune balance Epithalon – circadian rhythm, cellular cleanup, healthier aging NAD+ – powers brain cells, boosts energy, longevity angle Glutathione – detox, immunity, skin clarity Thymosin Alpha-1 – helps regulate immune response and inflammation SS-31 / Elamipretide – protects mitochondria, cell energy, anti-aging MASS, POWER & RECOVERY (GH/IGF AXIS) Sermorelin – natural GH support, lean mass, better sleep, recovery Ipamorelin – GH release, deep sleep, healing, mild and clean CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin – the classic GH stack for recovery and fat loss GHRP-2 – growth, appetite kick, recovery GHRP-6 – powerful appetite stimulation plus muscle gain IGF-1 LR3 – systemic tissue repair and muscle growth, not for beginners IGF-1 DES – spot application for localized growth and healing, advanced Follistatin-344 – leans toward muscle and strength support Hexarelin – strong GH pulse, advanced, can spike prolactin HGH – the standard for recovery, body recomp, sleep, anti-aging WEIGHT LOSS & METABOLIC HEALTH Semaglutide – kills appetite, drives weight loss, improves blood sugar, strongest human data here Tirzepatide – dual pathway for appetite, fat loss, insulin function Retatrutide – triple pathway, aggressive fat loss, better at maintaining lean muscle, still research only Tesamorelin – specifically attacks belly/visceral fat, FDA context exists Cagrilintide – appetite suppression via amylin pathway AOD-9604 – fat targeting, but FDA has flagged safety concerns with limited data HGH Fragment 176-191 – fat burning while holding onto muscle, mostly animal studies 5-Amino-1MQ – NNMT inhibition for metabolism, human data scarce MOTS-c – mitochondrial energy and fat burning, experimental Mazdutide / Survodutide – newer players in weight regulation, still investigational BRAIN, MOOD & SLEEP Semax – sharp focus, memory lift, mood, mental energy, can feel stimulating Selank – chills anxiety, improves mood, calm focus, often paired with Semax DSIP – helps with sleep quality and calming the nervous system Epithalon – also used here for sleep cycle support (see longevity) Dihexa – cognitive boost, highly experimental, not for casual use Kisspeptin-10 – mood, libido, hormone signaling SKIN, HAIR & LOOKS GHK-Cu – injectable or topical for collagen, texture, wound healing, hair Melanotan II – tanning without sun plus libido boost, watch for nausea and mole changes RU-58841 – topical anti-DHT at the follicle for hair retention Oral collagen peptides – easy entry for skin hydration, joints, elasticity SEX & LIBIDO PT-141 / Bremelanotide – works on the brain's arousal centers (not vascular), FDA version exists for women Melanotan II – tanning first, libido second Oxytocin – bonding, closeness, mood, effects aren't consistent for everyone Kisspeptin-10 – libido and upstream hormone signaling GUT & SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION BPC-157 – repairs gut lining, digestive support, lowers inflammation KPV – GI-specific and general inflammatory conditions Glutathione – detox and immune support (listed above, but fits here too) LL-37 – antimicrobial and immune defense, very limited human work POPULAR STACKS Wolverine (BPC + TB-500) – soft tissue and recovery GLOW – BPC + TB + GHK-Cu for skin, hair, and healing KLOW – GLOW + KPV adds gut and inflammation coverage CJC + Ipamorelin – the go-to GH support stack TRT & HORMONE MANAGEMENT Test C / Test E – standard TRT bases HCG – keeps fertility and testicular function alive on TRT Enclomiphene – SERM that raises natural testosterone without shutting you down Anastrozole – manages estrogen when needed on TRT Gonadorelin – HCG alternative for LH stimulation Reminder: this is educational discussion, zero medical advice!

May 11, 2026

173 29

Synthetic tetrapeptide that concentrates in mitochondria and stabilizes cardiolipin. Restores ATP production and reduces oxidative damage in aged tissue.

Overview

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide: D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2, where Dmt is 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine. Dr. Hazel Szeto developed it at Weill Cornell Medicine. The alternating aromatic-cationic motif causes it to concentrate in mitochondria at 1000-5000x extracellular levels, which is the defining feature of the Szeto-Schiller (SS) peptide family.

Once inside, SS-31 accumulates in the inner mitochondrial membrane and binds cardiolipin, a phospholipid that holds cristae together and organizes electron transport chain complexes. Stabilizing the cardiolipin-cytochrome c interaction tightens electron transfer, boosts ATP output, and plugs the electron leak that generates reactive oxygen species. A useful property: it fixes damaged or aged mitochondria without interfering with ones that are already working normally.

SS-31 has been through multiple Phase II and III trials. The MMPOWER studies in primary mitochondrial myopathy showed 6-minute walk test improvements. PROGRESS-HF found better left ventricular function in heart failure patients. In elderly subjects, it restored skeletal muscle ATP production and reduced oxidative damage. Other areas under investigation include acute kidney injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and Barth syndrome. Because cardiolipin dysfunction underlies many age-related conditions, the mechanism has broad potential applications.

Known effects

Dosage & protocol

Typical Dose Range

10000 – 40000

mcg per dose

Frequency

1x daily

Cycle Length

4-12 weeks

Common Vial Sizes

5 20 40

Work out how much to draw for your dose.

Use Calculator

Dosages listed here are for research reference. This is not medical advice.

Storage

Lyophilized Powder

Temperature -20°C
Shelf Life 2+ years

Reconstituted Solution

Temperature 2-8°C
Shelf Life 3-4 weeks

4.4

4.4 (41 reviews)
U

u/anxious_robot

reddit
5.0

SS-31 identified for mitochondrial protection in comprehensive biohacking protocol

40-year-old male planning SS-31 use for mitochondrial protection as part of longevity stack. Currently using BPC-157, TB-500, Tirzepatide, CJC-1295, Ipamorelin, MOTS-C, AICAR, GHK-Cu, ARA-290. Lost 30kg in 8 months with comprehensive lifestyle changes and peptide regimen. Cholesterol dropped from 8 to 5 without statins. Identified SS-31 as next addition for mitochondrial health optimization.

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U

u/HVL2025

reddit
5.0

SS-31 used in comprehensive peptide stack for weight loss and anti-aging

57-year-old male using SS-31 as part of extensive peptide protocol. Stack included: Reta, Tirz, Cagri, GHK-Cu, BPC-157, TB-500, CJC, IPO, SERMO, SS-31, Mots C, NAD+, Semax, Selank, MT2. Lost 95 lbs (280 to 185 lbs) over one year without exercise. Resolved sleep apnea, high blood sugar, high cholesterol, high BP, ADHD, and gout. Had spine surgery January 7th with 2-week peptide break. Results described as transformative for energy and overall health markers.

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u/JustBacWater

reddit
3.0

Peptide reference guide with SS-31 dosing and cycling information

Educational reference guide listing SS-31 (Elamipretide) under immune/inflammation/longevity category. Recommended dose: 1-10 mg/day sub-Q, cycle 4-8 weeks with 2-4 weeks time off. Benefits listed as mitochondrial protection, energy, cellular health, anti-aging. Noted as 'highly regarded in longevity circles' and 'targets mitochondrial inner membrane directly.' Post explicitly states this is for educational discussion only, not medical advice, and many peptides lack FDA approval for general use.

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u/kpfleger

reddit
5.0

FDA approval of elamipretide (SS-31) for Barth syndrome marks milestone

Post announcing FDA accelerated approval of elamipretide (Forzinity, formerly SS-31) by Stealth Bio for Barth syndrome treatment. Described as 'first general mitochondria therapeutic to get to FDA approval.' Notes elamipretide was 'known as SS-31 & has been used by biohackers for years.' Mentions it targets cardiolipin on inner mitochondrial membrane. Acknowledges peptides have mixed reputation but states 'at least some really do seem to be safe with nontrivial data also showing effectiveness.' Additional phase 3 trials ongoing for dry AMD and primary mitochondrial myopathy.

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u/GarifalliaPapa

reddit
4.0

Scientific overview of SS-31 (Elamipretide) for mitochondrial repair

Comprehensive post on mitochondrial dysfunction and aging. Mentions SS-31/Elamipretide as emerging mitochondrial-targeted therapy that 'can physically repair mitochondrial membranes.' Described as peptide that 'stabilizes mitochondrial membranes' alongside other compounds like MitoQ and SkQ1. Referenced in context of advanced technologies for mitochondrial repair, noting it remains in early translational stages. No personal dosage or direct use experience reported.

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